None of the battery-powered Yamahas allow you to play altered chords like C/F, etc. so I wouldn't consider those. The Casio CT-X3000 has an amazing feature set and sound quality for $299 (i think) and you can sometimes find it for less on eBay. Unfortunately the keybed is spongy and not very durable.

You could also get a used Roland BK-5 and a 12V "power bank" of the type used to recharge a laptop computer:
https://www.amazon.com/XTPower-MP-10000-...02289&psc=1

No battery-powered portable KB is going to be very loud, so you also have to budget for some kind of battery-powered amp. I mess around with the Suzuki Omnichord. For a campfire circle I hooked it up to a JBL Charge 3 portable speaker (the big one that's shaped like a football.) It was loud enough, and the external speaker really helped with the lows:
https://www.amazon.com/JBL-Charge-Waterp...68-d89d95c82244

I love your idea and many times I've thought about doing the same. Because some of my friends sing, I want to build a "left handed keytar" that plays LH accomp, with some pads on the neck to trigger drum fills, chord-matched arps, etc. The BK-7m doesn't have multipads but I might be able to make the arps as intros or fills.